Periodontal Disease

Although bacteria are always present in the mouth, they only become harmful when the amount increases dramatically. This happens when oral hygiene is neglected and a thin sticky substance forms at the gum line, called dental plaque. Symptoms include tender or bleeding gums and bad breath. If left untreated, periodontitis progresses and the pockets that form between the teeth and the gums become deeper, harboring more bacteria. In severe cases, the supporting structures of the tooth may be destroyed and the tooth becomes loose.

Gingivitis is the earliest stage of periodontal disease and can be reversible with good oral care. However, if left untreated, gingivitis can lead to periodontitis, a chronic inflammatory disease that leads to deterioration of the tissues and bone surrounding the teeth. Periodontitis is characterized by the presence of bacterial communities such as Porphyromonas gingivalis that penetrate deeper into the tissues, which then triggers a host inflammatory response.

Periodontal Disease: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment

The signs and symptoms of gum disease can be reversed if the condition is caught in time, so it is very important to see your dentist regularly. Your dental professional can examine your mouth to assess your risk, and use a tool called a probe to measure the depth of pockets around each tooth. Pockets that are 3 mm or deeper indicate disease and need treatment.

Smoking and certain medical conditions, such as diabetes, can contribute to the development of periodontitis, so it is very important to stop smoking and manage these health issues. Your dental professional can also recommend specific products and services to help you achieve and maintain a healthy mouth, such as interdental brushes, a water flosser, or other oral health devices.